引 言
本期的文献导读是一篇关于《真空采血管对凝血试验的影响》的综述,介绍了真空采血容器材料、内壁、抗凝剂和浓度、真空度和水剂保持能力,以及死腔对凝血试验检测的影响。深入了解这种影响,对于规范实验操作,广泛开展凝血试验,建立凝血试验全面质量保证体系,做好分析前质量控制尤为重要。
一、容器材料和胶塞
(图片来自网络)
二、抗凝剂
柠檬酸钠盐是凝血试验的首选抗凝剂。柠檬酸钠主要螯合或结合血液中的钙离子。钙是凝血级联反应中的必要因素,从凝血酶原复合物中除去钙可防止凝血酶原转化为凝血酶,从而抑制并阻止纤维蛋白原向纤维蛋白的转化。柠檬酸钠的螯合作用可以通过血液或去钙血浆的再钙化来逆转。由于这种简单的可逆作用,柠檬酸钠适用于凝血实验。柠檬酸钠对Ⅴ因子和Ⅷ因子有较好的保护作用,减缓其活性降低,对细胞及血小板的影响也极其微小,还可用于血小板聚集研究。其他抗凝剂(例如草酸盐、肝素或EDTA)不可用作凝血试验的抗凝剂[20]。
柠檬酸是三羧酸,分子量192。通常使用三钠盐,其分子量为294,带有2分子水(pH值约为8.0);也可以使用柠檬酸钠(柠檬酸二钠、柠檬酸氢二钠)(pH4.9~5.2)。柠檬酸钠和柠檬酸的组合称为“缓冲”柠檬酸钠。由于柠檬酸钠毒性小,适用于血液贮存,是输血保养液中的成分之一。柠檬酸钠在水中溶解慢,故只能配成水剂而不能用粉剂。血小板的聚集作用随血浆中柠檬酸钠浓度的升高而降低。
柠檬酸钠浓度可能对APTT和PT分析结果有重大影响,尤其是当结果超出正常范围且使用反应试剂时。过去也使用3.8%(0.129mol/L)柠檬酸钠,但现在已经不再推荐用于常规凝血研究。在3.8%的柠檬酸钠采血管中,存在过量柠檬酸钠可能会结合更多存在的钙离子,例如,重新添加到凝血试验中,从而干扰了凝血试验结果。CLSI建议使用3.2%柠檬酸盐浓度,相当于0.l09mol/L[20]。尽管建议浓度为3.2%柠檬酸钠,但采血管内的柠檬酸钠浓度仅大约为3.2%,并且不同制造商的采血管也有所不同[1]。
3.2%和 3.8%的柠檬酸盐采血管不可互换,因为两种柠檬酸盐浓度都可能产生不同的测试RI和患者结果。实验室应根据一种柠檬酸盐浓度确定其APTT和PT的正常范围,并且在确定新的正常范围之前,必须始终对所有患者标本使用该浓度[20]。
Adcock等人研究表明[21],当使用反应性试剂(例如肌动蛋白FS,Innovin)时,两种柠檬酸盐浓度之间的APTT和PT结果将出现统计学差异;当使用反应性试剂和3.8%柠檬酸钠时,PT值始终更高;当使用非反应性试剂时,3.8%柠檬酸盐对应的APTT和PT正常范围可能比3.2%柠檬酸盐高;当使用非反应性试剂(例如肌动蛋白,凝血活酶C+)时,不同柠檬酸盐浓度对应的正常范围变化较小;当使用非反应试剂时,除了接受静脉肝素治疗的患者,改变柠檬酸盐浓度几乎没有临床意义。
正常范围-柠檬酸影响[21]
|
柠檬酸钠浓度 |
肌动蛋白FSAPTT |
Innovin PT |
肌动蛋白APTT |
凝血活酶C+PT |
|
3.2% |
22~31 |
8.6~10.7 |
23~33 |
12~14 |
|
3.8% |
24~33 |
9.2~11.4 |
22~31 |
11~14 |
|
p |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
不显著 |
不显著 |
三、保水保气能力
柠檬酸钠体积和血液的体积比例通常为1:9。柠檬酸钠管内的真空设定和真空保持能力影响采血管最终的采血量,进而影响附加剂和血液之间的比例。管内真空度设定除了与设备的准确度和精确度有关,通常还需要考虑海拔的影响,根据海拔不同而设定真空,随着海拔的升高,采血管真空度应设定得更大。如果按照0海拔设定真空的采血管在高海拔地区使用,可能会出现采血量过少的问题。
(凝血专用管)
四、死腔
采血管死腔(未被血液填满的空腔)增加了血小板与管壁或死腔气体的接触而激活血小板,释放PF4并中和肝素,造成APTT负偏差。真空采血管死腔会产生血小板活性增强(PF4活性增强)、APTT缩短现象的原因可能是多方面的,但至少有一种原因是由于管内死腔增加了血小板与管壁作用的机会(尽管管壁被硅化,仍有激活血小板的可能),或死腔中气体对血小板的激活作用,导致血小板活化,释放出PF4,而PF4对血样中肝素的中和作用使肝素活性降低,导致了血样APTT缩短“假象”。而这将会误导临床医生根据APTT缩短的“假象”增加肝素的用量,是十分危险的[29-33]。由于死腔激活血小板是随机偶然事件,目前尚未对其发生机理和概率有非常明晰的认识,因此无法通过对APTT正常值的校正来解决死腔问题。不论是进行血小板功能试验还是监测APTT以指导肝素抗凝治疗,使用“无死腔”真空采血管是十分重要的[34]。
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