Stitch in Time: 18 Fascinating Facts About the History of Sutures
By Hallie Levine, October 05, 2016
Johnson & Johnson has been apioneer in wound healing for almost 130 years, ever since the company created the world's first mass-produced sterile sutures in 1887.（自1887年强生公司创造了世界上第一个批量生产的无菌缝合线以来，该公司在伤口愈合领域已经有近130年的历史。）
We haven't rested on our laurels since then, either. We've kept innovating in the sutures space well into the 20th century, which has helped to transform surgery and elevate standards of care. (Fun fact: Ethicon, a Johnson & Johnson company, makes enough sutures each year to wrap around the world six times!)（从那以后，我们也没有满足于既得的荣誉。我们一直在缝合线领域进行创新，一直到20世纪，这帮助改变了外科手术，提高了护理标准。(有趣的事实: 爱惜康，强生公司，每年生产的缝合线足够绕地球六圈!)）
We trace the fascinating story behind how sutures were createdmany (many) years ago, and howthey became an indelible part of our company’s history—and future.（我们追溯了许多年前缝合线是如何被创造出来的迷人故事，以及它们如何成为我们公司历史和未来不可磨灭的一部分。）
30,000 BC（公元前30000年）
Eyed needles make a debut（有孔的针初次登场）
The first eyed needles appear to have been used both for surgery and to tie wounds together during this time, according to the fossilized remains of Neolithic skulls.（根据新石器时代头盖骨的化石遗迹，第一批带针眼的针似乎是在这个时期被用来做手术和缝合伤口的。）
30,000 BC Eyed Needles（公元前30000年有孔缝针）
Didier Descouens / the Museum Collection of Toulouse（图卢兹的博物馆收藏）
1600 BC（公元前1600年）
Catgut becomes a suture staple（羊肠线成了缝合线）
Greek surgeon Galen of Pergamon notes that he uses silk or catgut (made from the twisted intestines of sheep or horses) to suture together gladiators' severed tendons. Similar materials are used for sutures well into the 20th century.（来自帕加马的希腊外科医生盖伦指出，他用丝绸或羊肠线 (由羊或马扭曲的肠子制成) 将角斗士切断的肌腱缝合在一起。类似的材料在20世纪也被用于缝合。）
Galen of Pergamon（盖伦，帕加马时期）
Wellcome Library, London（威康图书馆,伦敦）
AD 150（公元150年）
The first known sutures are used in Egyptian times（最早的缝合出现在埃及时代）
Egyptian records reveal the first historical reference to sutures being used to treat a shoulder: "Thou shouldst draw together for him his gash with stitching."（埃及记载揭示了历史上第一次使用缝线来治疗肩膀:“你应该为他缝合伤口。”）
古埃及壁画
1876
A fateful speech changes the future of surgery（一次决定性的演讲改变了外科手术的未来）
British surgeon Sir Joseph Lister—who helped introduce the concept of antiseptic surgery—gives a presentation at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition's Medical Congress that inspires medicated plaster maker Robert Wood Johnson to start Johnson & Johnson, aimed at furthering the cause of sterile surgery. "In those times, surgeons used to operate in their street clothes, and would carry the same instruments and dressings from patient to patient, not even cleaning them in between use," says Margaret Gurowitz, Chief Historian at Johnson & Johnson.（英国外科医生约瑟夫·李斯特爵士(Sir Joseph lister)在费城百年纪念医学大会(Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition's Medical Congress)上做了一场报告，他帮助介绍了外科手术的抗菌概念。这个报告启发了石膏制造商罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊(Robert Wood Johnson)创办强生公司(Johnson & Johnson)，旨在进一步推动无菌手术的发展。强生公司首席历史学家玛格丽特•古罗威茨表示:“在那个时代，外科医生通常穿着便服进行手术，在病人之间运送同样的器械和敷料，甚至在使用期间都不清洗。”）
（约瑟夫·李斯特爵士）Image courtesy of Johnson & Johnson Archives
1887
The first mass-produced sterile sutures are invented（第一批批量生产的无菌缝线）
Johnson & Johnson starts manufacturing sterile sutures (made of either catgut or silk), surgical dressings, cotton and gauze. "This helped usher in the beginnings of modern antiseptic surgery," Gurowitz says, "and, as a result, patient survival rates in American hospitals skyrocketed."（强生公司开始生产无菌缝线(由羊肠线或蚕丝制成)、外科敷料、棉花和纱布。古罗威茨说:“这帮助开创了现代防腐手术的开端，结果，美国医院的病人存活率直线上升。”）
（缝线外包装）Image courtesy of Johnson & Johnson Archives
1920s
Mersutures debut（Mersutures初次亮相）
Scottish pharmacist George Merson, who runs a suture manufacturing company, develops eyeless needled sutures with a single strand of material pre-attached through the butt of the needle. This invention greatly reduces tissue damage caused by pulling double strands through the skin.（苏格兰药剂师乔治·梅森 (George Merson) 经营着一家缝合线制造公司，他发明了一种无眼针线，用一根事先穿过针头的单链材料制成。本发明大大减少了双股通过皮肤造成的组织损伤。）
（Mersutures 缝合线）Image courtesy of Johnson & Johnson Archives
1949
Ethicon Suture Laboratories is formed（成立了爱惜康公司缝合实验室）
Johnson & Johnson acquires Merson's company and absorbs it into the company's existing suture business, renaming the new conglomerate Ethicon Suture Laboratories. In 1953, the name is changed to Ethicon Inc.（强生公司收购了美生公司，并将其并入美生公司现有的缝合业务，重新命名为新的综合企业爱惜康缝合实验室。1953年更名为爱惜康公司。）
（爱惜康公司缝合实验室）Image courtesy of Johnson & Johnson Archives
1960
Ethicon introduces sterilization by irradiation（爱惜康公司引进辐照灭菌技术）
The company creates technology that allows sutures to be sterilized by bombarding them with radiation. This is heralded as a breakthrough because it allows sutures to be sterilized once already sealed in their final packaging, ensuring bacteria stays out.（该公司发明了一种技术，可以用辐射照射缝合线来消毒。这被认为是一项突破，因为缝合线被密封在最后的包装中，可以进行消毒，确保细菌不进入。）
（辐射消毒缝合线包装）Image courtesy of Ethicon Archives
1969
Prolene® Polypropylene Sutures are invented（普理灵®聚丙烯缝线）
Ethicon unveils a synthetic sterile suture made from the polymer polypropylene — and, to date, it remains the gold standard for cardiac bypass surgery. "It's still a favorite for cardiovascular surgeons because it stretches easily and doesn't tear," says Liza Ovington, Ph.D., Franchise Medical Director for Ethicon.（爱惜康公司推出了一种由聚合物聚丙烯制成的合成无菌缝线，迄今为止，它仍然是心脏搭桥手术的黄金标准。爱惜康的特许医疗主任Liza Ovington博士赞美道:“它仍然是心血管外科医生的最爱，因为它很容易拉伸，而且不会撕裂。”）
（普理灵®聚丙烯缝线）Image courtesy of Ethicon Archives
1974
Vicryl® Sutures enter the market（薇乔®缝合线进入市场）
Ethicon introduces Vicryl, a synthetic suture that can be naturally absorbed into the skin. It's also braided, making it stronger and more pliable.（爱惜康公司引入了薇乔，一种可以被皮肤自然吸收的合成缝线。它也编织，使它更强大和更灵活。）
（薇乔®缝合线）Image courtesy of Ethicon Archives
1979
A coated version of Vicryl® sutures is created（涂层材料的薇乔®缝合线）
A simple addition to Vicryl makes the suture even safer to use: "The coating helped surgeons' knots slide down more easily and stay put when they were tying the sutures, and reduced trauma to surrounding tissue," Ovington says.（Ovington介绍道，对薇乔的一个简单的涂层使缝线使用起来更加安全:“这种涂层帮助外科医生在缝合时更容易地打结并保持固定，减少了对周围组织的创伤。”）
（涂层材料的薇乔®缝合线）Image courtesy of Ethicon Archives
1982
PDS® II sutures debut（PDS®II缝线首次亮相）
Ethicon creates sutures made of polydioxanone that are designed to close fascia, the connective tissue beneath the skin. "When performing an operation, surgeons think about tissue in layers: first, there's the skin, then the fascia, and then the actual organ," Ovington explains. "Since fascia heals more slowly, we wanted to create a product that would keep its strength for about six weeks, compared to the three to four weeks offered by Vicryl, to provide longer-lasting support."（爱惜康的缝合线由聚二恶酮制成，目的是缝合皮肤下的结缔组织筋膜。奥温顿解释说:“在实施手术时，外科医生考虑的是多层组织: 首先是皮肤，然后是筋膜，最后才是真正的器官。”“由于筋膜愈合较慢，我们想创造一种产品，将其强度保持约六周，而薇乔提供的只有三至四周，新产品可以提供更持久的支持。”）
（PDS®II缝合线）Image courtesy of Ethicon Archives
1993
Monocryl® sutures are introduced（单乔®缝合线的引入）
The suture, designed specifically for skin, provides even more secure skin closure and prevents wound edges from separating, which can lead to infection and scarring. Thanks to Monocryl's high initial strength, it keeps wounds pulled together tightly during the critical first few days of skin healing.（这种专为皮肤设计的缝线提供了更安全的皮肤闭合，并防止了伤口边缘的分离，这可能会导致感染和疤痕。由于单乔的高初始强度，它保持伤口拉紧在关键的头几天的皮肤愈合。）
（单乔®缝合线）Image courtesy of Ethicon Archives
1998
Topical skin adhesives hit the market（局部皮肤黏合剂上市）
The first FDA-cleared topical skin adhesive in the U.S., Dermabond® Topical Skin Adhesive®, paves the way for a new generation of skin-closure solutions. "It provides a mechanical barrier to infection when applied to the incision," Ovington explains. In vitro data shows that, when used in tandem with deep dermal sutures, Dermabond Adhesive adds more strength in closing wounds, provides a microbial barrier for at least 72 hours against bacteria responsible for surgical site infections, and can even inhibit such antibiotic-resistant bacteria as MRSA.（美国第一个FDA允许的局部皮肤粘合剂， 得美邦®外用皮肤胶®，为新一代皮肤闭合解决方案铺砖引路。奥温顿解释说:“它为切口感染提供了机械屏障。”体外数据显示，当与深层真皮缝合配合使用时，得美邦粘合剂在缝合伤口时增加了更多的强度，为至少72小时的手术部位感染细菌提供了一个微生物屏障，甚至可以抑制MRSA等耐药细菌。）
（得美邦®外用皮肤胶®）Image courtesy of Ethicon
2003
Coated Vicryl® Plus Antibacterial Sutures are introduced（涂层薇乔®加上抗菌缝合线的引入）
This suture—the first antibacterial version made commercially available with triclosan, which prevents bacteria from congregating on the suture—is shown to significantly reduce the risk of developing a surgical site infection by almost a third.（这种缝线是商业上第一个使用三氯生的抗菌版本，它可以防止细菌聚集在缝线上。）
（涂层薇乔®＋抗菌缝合线）Image courtesy of Ethicon Archives
2011
Everpoint® Cardiovascular Needles debut（Everpoint®心血管针首次亮相）
The needles, made with one of the world's strongest metal alloys, mark a significant departure from the stainless-steel needles of the past, providing more sharpness, strength and bend-resistance. "Patients with heart disease today often have more calcium deposits in their arteries, and thus require tougher needles to get through all the calcified tissue," Ovington says, adding that they're also smaller and thinner, helping minimize tissue trauma and bleeding.（这种针是用世界上最坚固的金属合金制成的，与过去的不锈钢针相比，它的锋利性、强度和抗弯性都有了显著的提高。奥温顿说:“如今，心脏病患者的动脉中往往有更多的钙沉积，因此需要更硬的针来穿透所有的钙化组织。”他还补充说，这些针也更小更薄，有助于减少组织损伤和出血。）
（Everpoint®心血管针）Image courtesy of Ethicon
2012
Stratafix™ Knotless Tissue Control Devices launch（推出Stratafix™无线结组织缝合器）
The suture, designed with anchors along the length of the string, transforms surgery. Prior to its invention, surgeons sutured together tissues by creating individual loops, then knotting them off—a cumbersome and time-consuming process that can lead to complications. Since Stratafix has multiple points of fixation, it removes the need for knots and enables for more efficiency and strength than traditional suturing. "It's like a zipper bringing tissue together and holding it everywhere, compared to just a couple of buttons," Ovington explains.（缝线的设计是沿着弦的长度用锚钉固定，这改变了手术的方式。在其发明之前，外科医生通过创建单独的环将组织缝合在一起，然后将它们打结，这是一个繁琐而耗时的过程，可能会导致并发症。由于Stratafix有多个固定点，它消除了打结的需要，比传统的缝合更有效、更有力。奥温顿解释说:“这就像一个拉链，把伤口拉在一起，放在任何地方，而不是几个地方。”）
Stratafix Suture（Stratafix™无线结组织缝合器）
Image courtesy of Ethicon
2014
Dermabond® Prineo® Skin Closure System debuts（Dermabond®Prineo®皮肤闭合系统首次亮相）
This technology is even stronger than surgical sutures or staples, provides a protected closure and is associated with high patient satisfaction.（这种技术甚至比手术缝合线或订书钉更强，使闭合的伤口受保护，并且患者舒适度高。）
（Dermabond®Prineo®皮肤闭合系统）Image courtesy of Ethicon
All contents © Copyright Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.1997-2019. All Rights Reserved.