子宫内膜活检是一种常见的妇科手术,国外妇产科相关专家组(统称)制定了本指南,主要为妇科医生在临床实践中进行子宫内膜活检提供了最新的证据。
妇产科网选取重点推荐内容为广大妇产科同道提供参考。
子宫内膜活检是一种临床实践中常用的妇科手术,进行内膜活检有多种设备和技术。近年来,门诊内膜活检技术已经取代了诊断性刮宫或者手术宫腔镜,后两者通常需要患者在手术室全麻条件下进行[1]。
许多不同的临床情景需要进行子宫内膜活检,例如子宫内膜增厚或者异常子宫出血[1,2]。尽管是一种非常安全有效的发现内膜癌或者不典型增生的方法,但由于活检技术、取样不典型和病理阅片差异等因素,子宫内膜活检可以发生假阴性结果导致漏诊[3]。
本实践指南的目的是总结子宫内膜活检技术和指征的最新相关科学证据。
临床指南的证据评价
根据美国预防服务工作组的标准对证据进行综述评价:
I级证据:来自至少一个设计良好的随机对照临床试验中获得的证据
II-1级证据:来自设计良好的非随机对照试验中获得的证据
II-2级证据:来自设计良好的队列研究或病例对照研究(最好是多中心研究)的证据
II-3级证据:来自多个带有或不带有干预的时间序列研究得出的证据,非对照试验中得出的差异极为明显的结果有时也可作为这一等级的证据
III级证据:来自临床经验、描述性研究或专家委员会报告的权威意见
基于数据中的最高级别证据,根据下述分类提供分级推荐意见:
A级:根据良好和一致的科学证据
B级:根据有限或者不一致的科学证据
C级:主要根据一致意见或者专家意见
每年有许多妇女因临床症状在妇科就诊,需要进行内膜活检。美国每年大约有65,000例内膜癌。临床实践中最常见的内膜活检指征包括不孕症和生育能力低下、辅助生育前进行子宫腔评价、绝经前和绝经后异常子宫出血[5]。异常子宫出血的原因,可以根据Munro等提出并被国际妇产科联盟采纳的PALM-COEIN分型进行分类。这一分型系统根据可能的出血原因对异常子宫出血进行分类,分为息肉、腺肌病、子宫平滑肌瘤、恶性和增生过长、凝血功能障碍、排卵不良、内膜性、医源性和尚未分型的原因。子宫异常出血的结构性原因通过缩写“PALM”来指代;非结构性、激素或者全身性原因通过缩写“COEIN”来指代[1,2]。
在进行子宫内膜活检之前,需要在病史中对下列问题进行阐明,包括出血类型(频率、持续时间、规律性和出血量)、有无疼痛、异常子宫出血家族史或者潜在的出血障碍、可能影响出血的药物或者中草药,例如人参、银杏、口服避孕药、非甾体抗炎药、华法令或者肝素衍生物。仔细分析出血模式是病史的重要部分之一。例如,肿瘤或者增生过长不大可能是周期性出血的原因[1,2]。
不论何种临床情景,子宫内膜活检可以通过多种方式进行[7]。
大量研究对内膜活检的不同技术进行了评价。Taraboanta等进行了一个1677例子宫切除标本发现不典型子宫内膜增生/内膜样上皮内癌变或者内膜癌,但既往内膜活检阴性的回顾性横断面研究,结果发现在这些内膜活检阴性的病例中,172例为标本不充分/标本量不足,病理检查没有发现内膜组织或者为良性病变。这个研究的一个重要缺陷是没有描述进行内膜活检的方法。在内膜活检阴性的情况下,子宫切除标本发现内膜癌或者不典型增生/内膜上皮内肿瘤的几率为0.74%。本研究结果提示充分内膜取样的重要性[8,9]。
诊刮以往被认为是内膜活检的金标准[10]。最初,诊刮被认为是确定内膜癌肿瘤分级的准确方法[11]。近来,术前诊刮诊断FIGO I级内膜癌的符合率可以达到85%,在8.7%的病例中,子宫切除标本发现更高级病变[12]。Piatek等对所有使用Pipelle吸管和诊刮进行内膜活检的患者进行了回顾性队列研究,评价内膜取样的失败率和影响内膜标本病理检查的相关因素。在895例内膜活检中,339例接受了Pipelle吸管活检,556例接受了诊刮,其中分别有60例和88例标本量不足。本研究提示两种方法均不能保证充分取样[13]。Utida等设计了一个横断面研究,比较使用Pepelle吸管和宫腔镜下活检获得的内膜组织的情况,并主要评价两种内膜取样方法的一致性。特别将组织病理学诊断恶性作为重点,并比较两种方法的费用。该研究纳入了45位患者(大于35岁的异常子宫出血或者绝经后出血),同时接受了Pipelle吸管和宫腔镜下内膜活检。有趣的是,Pipelle取样中,对于内膜癌的诊断准确性达到100%,但对于息肉的诊断准确性偏低。需要指出的是,Pipelle吸管活检的费用仅为宫腔镜下活检的二十七分之一[14]。另一研究的一个非常重要方面是强调在直视下进行内膜活检的重要性[15]。但是,这些研究均受限于样本量不足。
目前为止,对于宫腔局部病变例如息肉或者粘膜下肌瘤的诊断,仅仅进行非直视内膜取样被认为不够有效[16]。
内膜活检也可以在超声辅助引导下进行。但是,相比宫腔镜,超声发现内膜病变的能力不足[17,18]。实际上,Reznak等进行的一个前瞻性研究发现,超声异常发现需要通过宫腔镜下定位活检和组织学病理证实,从而避免低准确性[19]。
Cheng等进行了一个回顾性队列研究,评价林氏活检钳用于内膜活检。林氏活检钳是一个专门设计的和可弯曲宫腔镜一起使用的器械,可以在经腹部超声引导下进行宫腔内膜活检。这一定位活检方法可以在门诊条件下进行内膜活检。他们进行了126次定位活检,结果诊断率达到了92.1%,116例经组织病理证实,充分取材率达到77.8%,98例获得了满意的组织量[20]。
Bryant等对141例术前或者意外诊断子宫内膜不典型增生/内膜上皮内肿瘤的子宫切除病例进行了回顾性分析,结果提示选择性,而不是完全取样,对于发现子宫内膜不典型增生/内膜上皮内肿瘤更有价值,选择性取样可以普遍用于诊断内膜病变[21]。
对于门诊宫腔镜内膜取样技术,不同研究对通过宫腔镜的5Fr工作通道,使用抓钳进行活检的结果进行了评价[22]。宫腔镜引导下内膜活检的标准技术是在2002年由Bettocchi等首先提出。简要来说,就是放置好抓钳,对着内膜打开钳叶,将钳叶头深入组织0.5cm-1cm,一旦剥离一大部分粘膜,闭合钳叶,将整个宫腔镜连同抓钳一起取出宫腔,不将抓钳撤回到宫腔镜的工作通道内。这一方法可以取到更多的组织[23]。
内膜活检技术近期的一大进展是对体液中肿瘤材料的研究。液体活检还可以监测肿瘤进展和对治疗的反应。诊治过程包括内膜活检、用Pipelle吸管从宫腔进行微创抽吸、分析吸取液中的异常细胞[24]。Hirai等进行了一个多中心研究,比较使用Sure-Path进行液基内膜细胞学和经典的内膜组织吸引活检,结果发现液基内膜细胞学检查对于发现内膜癌,其效用并不低于内膜组织吸引活检[25]。
进行子宫内膜活检时,必须进行正确取样(A级)
在进行诊断性宫腔镜和内膜活检时,内膜活检应该在宫腔镜手术后进行(C级)
对于可疑内膜恶性病变的患者,诊刮和Pipelle吸管不应该作为首选的内膜活检方法(B级)
诊断内膜息肉时,负压吸引和Pipelle吸管进行门诊内膜活检的效率不高,且缺乏敏感性(C级)
门诊宫腔镜是具有高诊断准确性的定位活检方法(A级)
液基活检是内膜标志物检测的一个有前景的方法(B级)
吸引技术用于诊断内膜息肉是不可靠的(A级)
在医疗资源匮乏、不能进行门诊宫腔镜的条件下,非直视技术可以用于内膜活检(B级)
点活检是最常用于宫腔镜下子宫内膜活检的技术。它使用很多年来被认为是标准活检工具的勺形钳进行。在这一技术中,勺形钳的钳叶在关闭前张开并靠近子宫内膜,然后宫腔镜保持留在宫腔,将关闭的勺形钳连同标本通过宫腔镜工作通道取出[26]。但是,由于相比其它活检钳,如鳄鱼钳的5mm,宫腔镜勺形钳的钳叶范围很小仅为2.5mm,因此取得的标本量有时很少,不能进行满意的组织学诊断[27,28]。
为了获得足够的组织标本量进行病理检查,2002年,Bettocchi等提出了一个新的活检方法,叫做“抓取活检”,他们用一个有齿的抓钳,叫做鳄鱼钳。因为钳叶齿和抓钳的双重作用,鳄鱼钳可以收集更多的组织。简单来说,将在钳叶张开的情况下,将鳄鱼钳靠近准备活检的目标部位,然后将其向前移,钳叶犁出长约0.5cm-1cm的组织,同时避免触及下方的肌层,以免刺激肌层神经纤维,减少疼痛,然后闭合钳叶,准确抓住内膜组织,然后和宫腔镜一起从子宫腔取出[23,29]。
对于围绝经期或者绝经后妇女,由于子宫内膜增生不良或者萎缩,取得足够的组织更为困难。在这种情况下,进行片状活检,用通过宫腔镜操作孔的5Fr双极电切头切除片状内膜,就特别有效。片状切除内膜操作起来相比其它方法更为容易,而且在需要对表浅肌层进行取样时也可以用(例如可疑癌前或者恶性内膜病变时)[30,32]。
在子宫内膜增生不良或者萎缩时,另一个可选择的内膜活检方法是提起活检技术。它是用宫腔镜镜头的顶端作为犁或者精细机械工具的头来收集更多的标本。一个近期已申请的工具专利是活检蛇形抓钳VITALE。其特点是头端为平,但有锯齿状边缘,可以帮助暴露要切除的增生不良或者萎缩的子宫内膜,同时避免标本碎片化[33]。另一个需要指出的关键是,宫腔镜内膜取样时患者经历的疼痛。I级证据报道,相比抓取活检和提起活检,点活检技术带来的疼痛更多[31]。
点活检可以收集有限的子宫内膜(B级)
抓取活检应该被认为是生育年龄妇女最适合的内膜活检技术(A级)
在围绝经期和绝经后妇女,片状活检可以有效收集更多的内膜,相比其他技术(B级)
在围绝经期和绝经后妇女,相比点活检,提取活检技术可以更有效的收集子宫内膜组织(A级)
通常宫腔镜旨在诊断癌前或者癌症病变,看到并治疗宫腔内良性病变,例如已经被超声诊断的平滑肌瘤或者内膜息肉,评估导致生育力低下的亚临床病变例如Asherman综合征或者子宫内膜炎[34,35]。目前,宫腔镜的唯一绝对禁忌证是子宫或者盆腔急性炎症。此外,诊断为原发不孕、复发性妊娠丢失或者生育力低下的妇女,有进行内膜病变和内膜形态评估的临床指征[36]。因此,我们根据患者的年龄和症状,将临床情景进行分型。在本综述中,无症状的妇女是指那些没有异常子宫出血的患者;有症状的妇女是指那些出现症状的患者,通常为异常子宫出血的患者。
在这组患者中,缺乏影响我们指南结果的特定人群研究。这一人群中,无症状患者需要进行内膜活检的一个主要原因是不孕症[37]。慢性子宫内膜炎被认为是影响胚胎着床的子宫因素,对内膜标本进行免疫组化诊断是必要的[38]。在这一方面,Zargar等进行了一个横断面研究,旨在通过宫腔镜和免疫组化比较反复植入失败和反复妊娠丢失患者中慢性子宫内膜炎的发生率。结果表明宫腔镜下直视观察(寻找微小息肉或者红点)是一个在反复植入失败和反复妊娠丢失患者中,诊断慢性子宫内膜炎的方法。但是,它的准确性不足以作为免疫组化的替代方法[39]。其他研究证实在有生育问题的妇女中,需要联合宫腔镜诊断和内膜活检[40-42]。特别是在重复辅助生殖失败的妇女中,可能有很大机会存在常规超声检查时未能诊断的子宫异常。观察发现通过门诊宫腔镜和活检进行常规筛查的患者,有着更高的辅助生育成功率和同等的妊娠率[43-49]。
在进行辅助生育治疗前,妇科医生应该常规检查宫腔,并记录任何内膜异常结果(通过适当的活检或者切除)。
无症状的绝经前妇女,内膜活检是诊断慢性子宫内膜炎的一个有效方法(A级)
宫腔镜,伴或不伴内膜活检,应该作为不孕症治疗前检查的一个有用部分(A级)
辅助生育失败的情况下,宫腔镜下内膜活检对于避免误诊和提高生育结局具有关键作用(B级)
在无症状的绝经后妇女中,超声检查意外发现增厚的子宫内膜,是一个常见的临床情景[50-53]。
一些专家倡导将超声检查时子宫内膜厚度4.0mm或者5.0mm作为推荐进行内膜检查的界值[50,54-58]。内膜厚度小于4mm时,子宫内膜癌的风险低于1%[50,54-58]。一些子宫癌前病变或者恶性病变的妇女临床上可无症状[51]。相比绝经后出血的管理,对于无症状子宫内膜增厚的妇女,是否进行内膜癌筛查尚无一致意见。为了提高诊断准确性,需要进一步研究在无症状绝经妇女中进行内膜检查的理想界值[59-61]。
对于无症状绝经后患者,推荐进行内膜取样的内膜厚度,目前尚未取得一致意见(B级)
在生育年龄妇女、异常子宫出血的肥胖妇女和超声检查发现不均质和/或血管增生内膜的妇女,由于恶性病变风险增加,进行内膜活检是非常重要的[62-65]。对于非肥胖妇女,一些试验提示需要对异常子宫出血或者有下列情况者进行内膜活检:慢性无排卵性卵巢功能障碍、无对抗性雌激素刺激、药物治疗无反应或者有子宫内膜癌遗传高风险的患者(例如林奇综合征,Cowden综合征)[37,64,66-71]。此外,对于绝经前患者无排卵且闭经时间长,可疑存在内膜病变时,也要进行活检[72,73]。
如果频繁出血(两次出血间隔时间<21天),出血量多或者延长(>8天),推荐进行内膜活检。对于有排卵的患者,这包括月经间期出血[37]。
内膜恶性病变风险增加和内膜不均质的年轻妇女应该接受内膜活检(A级)
无对抗高雌激素血症的非肥胖患者,应该接收内膜活检排除癌前病变或者恶性病变(B级)
出血多、延长或者月经间期出血的患者,即使超声没有异常病变,宫腔镜手术加内膜活检也是有用的(B级)
对于异常子宫出血的患者诊断宫腔病变,一些试验表明宫腔镜引导下活检比诊刮更为敏感[11,15,26,74-77]。
Nicholls-Dempsey等回顾了他们中心进行内膜活检的指征。在分析了371位患者后,他们认为对于年龄小于41岁的妇女,23%的活检缺乏活检指征,提示存在明显过度治疗。相似的,在41至45岁月经过多,但没有其它风险因素的患者中,内膜活检的价值需要进一步评价[78]。
由于息肉可能导致出血,Ngo等进行了一个回顾性分析,评价良性内膜息肉和内膜癌的宫腔镜下区别。研究纳入了3066例因异常阴道出血、超声下可疑宫腔病变、复发性流产或者不孕症评估的患者,其中214例宫腔镜下见到内膜息肉。回顾性分析临床特征例如表面血管增多、溃疡、组织病理学和宫腔镜下发现。结果表明宫腔镜下子宫内膜息肉血管增生、溃疡和表面不规则的患者,发生内膜癌的可能增加。在这一特定人群,需要对有这些特定特征的患者需要进行息肉的定位活检,以除外恶性病变[79]。
门诊宫腔镜可以准确发现内膜增生和内膜癌,根据Clarke等与Defranciscis等的研究[84,85]。但是,为了提高诊断准确性,内膜取样必须要在异常的内膜区域进行[80,81]。
内膜活检对于发现良性、癌前和恶性宫腔内病变有高的敏感性(A级)
在有症状的妇女中,无论年龄,宫腔镜引导下内膜活检的准确性均高于非直视技术(A级)
由于发生内膜癌、内膜增生或内膜上皮内肿瘤的风险高,这一人群占进行内膜活检的大部分。Bar-on等进行了一个回顾性队列研究,纳入了所有因下述指征接受门诊宫腔镜的妇女:绝经后阴道出血、可疑息肉和/或内膜增厚,病理准确性通过比较宫腔镜和子宫切除标本来判断,直视的准确性通过比较宫腔镜和诊刮时直视结果来判断。门诊宫腔镜被证实是一个充分可靠的评价宫腔良性病变的工具[82]。
一些试验也报道对于使用他莫昔芬的绝经后出血妇女,由于诊断的准确性低,经阴道超声不应作为筛查工具[83-86]。相反,宫腔镜和内膜活检是最可靠的诊断方法[30]。一个近期研究提示,相比口服芳香化酶抑制剂或者不治疗的患者,这些患者中内膜癌的风险并未增加[87]。以宫腔镜作为参照标准,子宫内膜样本诊断内膜癌、不典型生生和内膜病变的加权敏感性分别为90%、82%和39%;所有诊断方法的特异性为98%-100%。11%的情况下,内膜取样失败,但其中31%的取样不足可恢复。在7%的取样不足或者失败的患者中,发现了内膜癌。内膜取样确定内膜癌,特别是不典型增生和内膜病变的敏感性,低于以往绝经后阴道流血的妇女。在良性内膜活检结果后,有指征进行额外的诊断试验来定位病变[88]。相比复发性出血的评价,内膜癌危险因素例如年龄,可以起到相当程度危险区分的作用[89]。
任何异常子宫出血或者绝经后出血的绝经后妇女,均有指征进行内膜活检(A级)
因为高的准确性和费效比,宫腔镜下内膜活检应该作为首选(B级)
这些指南旨在根据最常见的临床情况,为临床医师提供关于子宫内膜活检的简明最新参考。但是这些意见不应该作为严格的指南,必须在各种情况下,根据实际的条件设备进行调整。
异常子宫出血、绝经后出血和其他宫腔内病变是在日常临床实践中常见的妇科症状。其中一些部分,需要额外的高质量数据来提高诊断的准确性和管理。
我们提出了关于未来研究的下列考虑:
·在诊断为无症状内膜息肉的不孕症患者中,进行随机试验评价内膜息肉对于内膜容受性的影响
·比较不同机械性宫腔镜工具进行内膜活检的差异(例如组织刨削系统,5Fr抓钳)
·进行大样本研究,评价在无症状绝经后妇女中进一步进行内膜检查的厚度界值
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擅长治疗:妇科肿瘤、妇科腔镜
2005年毕业于北京大学医学部,2014年赴广州师从南方医科大学南方医院陈春林教授学习妇科手术解剖。长期从事一线工作,临床经验丰富,以妇科肿瘤诊治、妇科内镜手术为主要研究方向,致力于推行妇科肿瘤诊治的规范化与妇科手术的标准化,擅长妇科肿瘤诊治与腹腔镜、宫腔镜等妇科内镜手术。多次受邀参加国内外学术会议交流,发表学术论文三十余篇,其中国际期刊论文8篇,参研课题获得浙江省医药卫生科技奖和全国妇幼科学技术奖三等奖。开展了“改良开放式腹腔镜穿刺法在脐部疤痕患者中的应用”、“改良蘑菇式宫颈锥切术的临床应用”等新技术。
现担任浙江省医学会妇科肿瘤分会委员,浙江省抗癌协会妇科肿瘤分会青年委员,宁波市医学会妇产科分会秘书,美国腹腔镜医师协会会员,宁波大学医学院硕士生导师,宁波市领军与拔尖人才第三层次培养对象,《妇产与遗传》杂志青年编委。
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