引言
血清的分离以及血液标本的采集是当前临床检测中对检测结果影响最大的因素之一。传统的普通促凝管是通过促凝剂促进血液更快凝固来分离血清,其分离效果并不很理想,且析出时间较长。目前分离胶促凝管已经在临床血液检测之中得到越来越广泛的应用,其分离效果更好,析出耗时更短,在医学界中也取得较好的评价。本期的文献导读是一篇关于《分离胶促凝管的临床适用检测项目与不适用症》的综述,简要归纳了目前国内外学术研究资料中关于分离胶促凝管血液标本的适用检测项目及检测中的注意事项,为临床检测提供一定的参考意义。
表1 临床使用无添加剂管、促凝管、分离胶促凝管进行检测的区别
血液生化检验属临床常见检验方法,以物理或化学形式进行血液、尿液等样本检验,可评估对象是否存在疾病,或了解疾病态势、康复进展。大多数临床化学测试是通过允许血液凝结或通过在具有抗凝血剂的管中收集血液。在这当中,采血管的类型会影响样本质量和实验室结果。由于血浆样本的处理时间比血清样本短,因此紧急生化测试使用血浆。然而,血清样本在离心后保持稳定,显示出比血浆更准确的结果。因此,血清管中的分离胶促凝管有望缩短标本处理时间,获得准确结果。
Laessig等人[11-12]报告了他们对血清分离管在18项常规临床化学试验血液采集中的作用的研究。观察到碳酸氢盐、钙、氯化物、胆固醇、葡萄糖和钠的统计显著变化,但是,与传统的采血管相比,没有观察到血清分离器管引起的临床显著变化。Graeve等人[13]也报告了类似的发现。
降钙素前体由甲状腺 C 细胞合成,然后在正常稳态下通过内肽酶裂解将该肽转化为降钙素原 (PCT)。PCT是116个氨基酸链蛋白,半衰期为20~24小时。PCT可作为败血症患者的预后指标。在败血症中,肝脏的巨噬细胞和单核细胞负责其合成,PCT会引起单核细胞的趋化性,从而导致细胞因子的释放。临床上常用分离胶促凝管的血清标本检测降钙素原水平。
Aisha等[18]以血培养为金标准,评价PCT作为脓毒症早期有效的诊断指标。因为其获得的血液标本可以快速分离出高质量血清,使检测结果在两小时内可获得,从而有助于疾病状况的早期识别和及时进行适当的抗生素治疗,以降低死亡率和其他并发症。此外,PCT也是急性重症胰腺炎及其主要并发症的可靠指标。对于社区获得性呼吸道感染好人空调诱导性肺炎患者,PCT也可作为抗生素选择及疗效判断的指标。Anand等[19]研究了分离胶促凝管内中降钙素原的含量,可以快速区分培养阴性脓毒症和非感染性全身炎症反应综合征,评估其潜在的诊断作用。
治疗性药物监测(Therapeuticdrugmonitoring, TDM)是一种整合药代动力学和药效学知识以优化和个性化各种药物治疗的工具。优化用药剂量可以改善治疗效果,降低毒性,降低耐药性发生的风险。为了充分有效地实施TDM,需要精确的分析过程。在临床实践中,血液是TDM最常用的基质。
Hegstad等[22]在分离胶促凝管和普通的血清管中评估阿哌沙班、依度沙班、利伐沙班、氟卡尼、胺碘酮和去乙基胺碘酮的稳定性,结果表明分离胶促凝管对于氟卡尼在4℃中可以保存3天,具有较好的稳定性。同样的,Schouwers等[23]研究了分离胶促凝管对游离甲状腺素(FT4)及转铁蛋白的影响,证明了分离胶促凝管对该激素和蛋白质稳定性较好,不影响后续的检测结果。
地高辛荧光偏振免疫分析 (FPIA) 与夹竹桃提取物的主要毒物夹竹桃苷发生交叉反应,可用于快速检测夹竹桃中毒。Dasgupta等[24]通过比较样品储存在普通玻璃管和分离胶促凝管中研究了储存在分离胶促凝管中的血清样品中夹竹桃提取物和夹竹桃苷的稳定性。结果表明即使在储存 7 天后,地高辛浓度也未发生显著性变化。
Holodniy等人[25]报告其他类型采血管血浆中的HIV-RNA当量明显高于血清分离管中的HIV-RNA当量。为了最小化定量HIV-RNA检测结果的可变性,他们建议在整个研究过程中,为特定分析采集的样本应在提取后的同一时间使用特定的试管类型进行处理。另一方面,Gobin等[26]研究发现当比较血清分离器和普通试管时,抗HIV、抗HTLV、抗HCV、抗HBc、抗HBs、抗CMV抗体、HBs或HIV P24抗原的诊断活性没有变化,验证了分离胶促凝管对定量人类免疫缺陷病毒RNA的稳定性没有影响。
在引入分离胶促凝管后,已有许多关于分离胶促凝管和血清中分析物之间相互作用的研究。虽然许多常规生化分析尚未发现显著差异,但已发表许多文章报道在药物样本处理中使用分离胶促凝管可能会导致某些药物水平降低,特别是治疗药物水平。理想情况下,实验室结果不应受与分离凝胶相互作用的影响;然而,一些报告显示了对分析物浓度的影响。样品体积、储存时间、温度和凝胶类型可能会影响药物对凝胶的吸附[28-31]。疏水药物如苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥、卡马西平、奎尼丁和利多卡因可吸附于疏水分离凝胶,这种吸附可以使4°C下24小时后血清药物浓度降低20% ~ 50%[32-33]。
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